Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Pilgrimage shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Pilgrimage offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Pilgrimage at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Pilgrimage? Wrong! If the Pilgrimage is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Pilgrimage then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Pilgrimage? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Pilgrimage and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Pilgrimage wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Pilgrimage then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Pilgrimage site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Pilgrimage, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Pilgrimage, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
In
religion and
spirituality, a
pilgrimage is a long
quest or
search of great
moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and
faith. Members of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim.
Buddhism offers four sites of pilgrimage: the Buddha's birthplace at Kapilavastu, the site where he attained Enlightenment
Bodh Gaya, where he first preached at Benares, and where he achieved Parinirvana at Kusinagara.
Israel acts as a focal point for the pilgrimages of many religions, such as Judaism,
Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith.
In the kingdoms of
Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah, the visitation of certain ancient cult-centers was repressed in the 7th century BC, when the worship was restricted to YHWH at the temple in Jerusalem. In
Syria, the shrine of
Astarte at the headwater spring of the river Adonis survived until it was destroyed by order of
Emperor Constantine in the
4th century AD.
In mainland
Greece, a stream of individuals made their way to Delphi or the oracle of
Zeus at Dodona, and once every four years, at the period of the Olympic games, the temple of Zeus at Olympia formed the goal of swarms of pilgrims from every part of the Hellenic world. When
Alexander the Great reached Egypt, he put his whole vast enterprise on hold, while he made his way with a small band deep into the Libyan desert, to consult the oracle of Ammun. During the imperium of his Ptolemaic heirs, the shrine of
Isis at Philae received many votive inscriptions from Greeks on behalf of their kindred far away at home.
Although a pilgrimage is normally viewed in the context of religion, the personality cults cultivated by communist leaders ironically gave birth to pilgrimages of their own. Prior to the demise of the
USSR in 1991, a visit to Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square, Moscow can be said to have had all the characteristics exhibiting a pilgrimage — for Communism. This type of pilgrimage to a personality cult is still evident today on people who pay visits of homage to Mao Tse Tung, Kim Il Sung, and
Ho Chi Minh.
Effects on trade
Pilgrims contributed an important element to long-distance trade before the modern era, and brought prosperity to successful pilgrimage sites, an economic phenomenon unequalled until the tourist trade of the 20th century. Encouraging pilgrims was a motivation for assembling (and sometimes fabricating) relics and for writing hagiography of local saints, filled with inspiring accounts of miracle cures.
Lourdes and other modern pilgrimage sites keep this spirit alive.
Modern pilgrimage
Pilgrimages are still made throughout the world: modern-day pilgrimages include the Way of St. James, the
Hajj, and the pilgrimage to
Mount Kailash.
In modern usage, the terms
pilgrim and
pilgrimage can also have a somewhat devalued meaning as they are often applied in a secularism context. For example, fans of
Elvis Presley may choose to visit his home, Graceland, in
Memphis, Tennessee. Similarly one may refer to a cultural center such as Venice as a "tourists' Mecca".
Pilgrimage centres in various times and cultures
Antiquity
Many ancient religions had holy sites, temples and groves, where pilgrimages were made.
Bahá'í Faith
A
Bahá'í pilgrimage currently consists of visiting the holy places in Haifa, Acre, Israel, and
Mansion of Bahjí in Northwest Israel. Bahá'í faith do not have access to other places designated as sites for pilgrimage.
Bahá'u'lláh decreed pilgrimage in His Motherbook (
Kitáb-i-Aqdas) to two places: the House of Bahá'u'lláh in
Baghdad, Iraq, and the House of the Báb in
Shiraz, Iran, Iran. In two separate Tablets, known as Suriy-i-Hajj, He prescribed specific rites for each of these pilgrimages (lifting the injunction regarding the shaving of one's head for pilgrimage in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas). It is obligatory to make the pilgrimage, "if one can afford it and is able to do so, and if no obstacle stands in one's way". Bahá'ís are free to choose between the two Houses, as either has been deemed sufficient. And although women are not bound to perform pilgrimage, they are certainly not prohibited to do so.
Later, `Abdu'l-Bahá designated the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh at Bahji (the Qiblih) as a site of visitation. No rites have been prescribed for this.
Buddhism
ans on a pilgrimage to
Lhasa; they are
kow-towing every few steps of the way.Gautama Buddha spoke of the four sites most worthy of pilgrimage for his followers to visit:The Buddha mentions these four pilgrimage sites in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. See, for instance, Thanissaro (1998) and Vajira & Story (1998).
Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected to the life of
Gautama Buddha are:
Savatthi, Patna, Nalanda, Gaya, India,
Vesali,
Sankasia,
Kapilavastu, Kosambi, India,
Rajagaha, Varanasi.
Other famous places for buddhist pilgrimage in various countries include:
- India: Sanchi, Ellora, Ajanta Caves.
- Thailand: Sukhothai, Ayutthaya historical park, Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Doi Suthep.
- Tibet: Lhasa (traditional home of the Dalai Lama), Mount Kailash, Lake Nam-tso.
- Cambodia: Angkor Wat, Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh.
- Sri Lanka: Polonnaruwa, Temple of the Tooth (Kandy), Anuradhapura.
- Laos: Luang Prabang.
- Myanmar: Bagan, Sagaing.
- Nepal: Bodhnath, Swayambhunath.
- Indonesia: Borobudur.
- China: Yung-kang, Lung-men caves.
- Japan: Kyoto, Nara, Nara.
Communism
- USSR: Moscow, Mausoleum of Lenin in Red Square.
- China: Peking, Mausoleum of Mao Tse Tung in Tiananmen Square.
- Germany: Trier, Birthplace of Karl Marx in Trier
Christianity
in 2005Pilgrimages were first made to sites connected with the birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the
Holy Land date from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers like
Jerome. Pilgrimages also began to be made to Rome and other sites associated with the Twelve apostles, Saints and Christian martyrs, as well as to places where there have been Marian apparitionss of the
Blessed Virgin Mary. The crusades to the holy land are also considered to be mass armed pilgrimages.
The second largest single pilgrimage in the history of Christendom was to the Funeral of Pope John Paul II after his death on
April 2, 2005. An estimated four million people travelled to Vatican City, in addition to the almost three million people already living in Rome, to see the body of Pope John Paul II lie in state.
World Youth Day is a major Catholic Pilgrimage, specifically for people aged 16-35. It is held internationally every 2-3 years. In 2005, young Catholics visited
Cologne, Germany. In 1995, the largest gathering of all time was to World Youth Day in
Manila,
Philippines, where four million people from all over the world attended.
The major Christian pilgrimages are to:
- Jerusalem. Site of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus.
- Rome on roads such as the Via Francigena. Site of the deaths of Saint Peter, Paul of Tarsus and other early martyrs. Location of sacred relics of various saints, relics of the Passion, important churches and headquarters of the Catholic Church.
- Constantinople (today Istanbul, Turkey). Former capital of the Byzantine Empire and the see of one of the Pentarchy and Primus inter pares of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Hagia Sophia, former cathedral and burial place of many Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
- Lourdes, France. Apparition of the Virgin Mary. The second most visited Christian pilgrimage site after Rome.
- Santiago de Compostela in Spain on the Way of St James (Spanish language: El Camino de Santiago). This famous medieval pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint James the Great is still popular today.
Other important Christian pilgrimage sites include:
- Assisi, Italy, St. Francis of Assisi and St Clare, relics
- Ávila, Spain, St Theresa of Avila, relics
- Bethlehem, in Israel, Birthplace of Jesus and King David.
- Canterbury Cathedral associated with Saint Thomas Becket.
- Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec, Canada in honour of Our Lady of the Cape.
- Carey, Ohio to the Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation. Catholic pilgrims from the Middle East journey here to mark the Feast of the Assumption. Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation official website
- Cathedral of Chartres, France.
- Miercurea Ciuc, Transylvania, Romania. Whit Sunday gathering of (mostly Hungarian people) Catholics.
- Croagh Patrick, Ireland. Saint Patrick.
- Conques, France
- Cologne, Germany. Relics of the Three Magi.
- Częstochowa, Poland.Black Madonna of Częstochowa is housed pernamently in theJasna Góra Monastery
- Glastonbury, England. St Joseph of Arimathea.
- Goa, India. St. Francis Xavier
- Hill of Crosses, Lithuania
- House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey. Pope John-Paul II declared the Shrine of Virgin Mary as a pilgrimage place for Christians. House of the Virgin Mary listing at www.Ephesus.US
- Issoudun, France. Notre-Dame du Sacré-Coeur
- Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland
- Kapel in 't Zand, Limburg
- Kevelaer, Germany
- Knock, County Mayo, Ireland
- Lakefield, Ontario, Canada
- Licheń Stary, Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń
- Lisieux, France. Saint Therese of Lisieux, burial place.
- Lourdes, France. Apparition of the Virgin Mary. Place of healing.
- Mariazell, Austria. Marian Shrine to Austria and Hungary
- Međugorje, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Apparitions of the Virgin Mary at the present.
- Montserrat (mountain), Catalonia, Spain. The Virgin of Montserrat is housed pernamently in the monastery of Santa María de Montserrat.
- Mount Athos, Greece. Orthodox monastic centre.
- Mount Nebo (Jordan), Jordan. Traditional site of the death of Moses.
- Mount Sinai, Egypt, holy mountain to the ancient Hebrews, traditional site has been commemorated since time of Constantine I (emperor)
- Nazareth, Israel, hometown of Jesus
- Nidaros, Trondheim, Norway. Shrine of St. Olav. 4th most visited pilgrimage site in Middle Ages.
- Our Lady of Fatima, Portugal. Apparition of the Virgin Mary.
- Padua, Italy, St Anthony, relics
- Paris ( Sacred-Heart Basilica Basilica of the Sacré Cœur; and Saint Catherine Labouré)
- Rosslyn Chapel, Scotland
- Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, Italy. The Sacred Mountains of Piedmont and Lombardy.
- San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, St Pio from Pietrelcina
- Santa María de Guadalupe, Spain
- Sea of Galilee, Israel, site of Jesus' early ministry.
- Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City. Apparition of the Virgin Mary.
- St. Andrews, Scotland, it is said that Saint Andrew was given, by God, directions to the location of St Andrews
- St. Patrick's Purgatory, Donegal, Ireland
- St. Thomas Mount, India. Place where St. Thomas was martyred.
- Taizé Community, France, modern monastery that actively encourages pilgrimages to it
- Święta Lipka, Poland
- Trondheim, Norway. Nidaros Cathedral, shrine of St. Olav.
- Turin, Italy. Holy Shroud.
- Vailankanni, India. 16th-century Mary apparition site.
- Vierzehnheiligen, Germany.
- Walsingham, England. Virgin Mary apparition site.
- Wittenberg, Germany. Church of Martin Luther and centre of the Protestant Reformation.
- Žemaičių Kalvarija, Samogitia, Lithuania.
===Hinduism===Hindus are required to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime. Most Hindus who can afford to go on such journeys travel to numerous sites including those below:
The last four sites in the list above together comprise the
Chardham, or four holy pilgrimage destinations. It is believed that travelling to these places leads to moksha, the release from
samsara (cycle of rebirths). The holy places of pilgrimage for the Shaktism sect of Hinduism are the
Shakti peethas (Temples of
Shakti).
Islam
The pilgrimage to Mecca – the
Hajj – is one of the
Five Pillars of Islam. It should be attempted at least once in the lifetime of all able-bodied Islam who can afford to do so. It is the most important of all Muslim Pilgrimages.
Many Muslims also undergo ziyarat, which is a pilgrimage to sites associated with the prophet
Muhammad, his companions, or other venerated figures in Islamic history, such as
Shi'a imams or
Sufi saints. Sites of pilgrimage include
mosques, graves, battlefields, mountains, and caves.
Local Pilgrimage traditions - those undertaken as ziarah visits to local graves, are also found throughout Muslim countries. In some countries, the grave sites of heroes have very strong ziyarah traditions as visiting the graves at auspicious times is a display of national and community identity.Some traditions within Islam have negative attitudes towards grave visiting.
The third religiously sanctioned pilgrimage for Muslims is to the Al Quds mount in Jerusalem which hosts
Al-Aqsa Mosque and the
Dome of the Rock.
Judaism
See related article Three pilgrim festivals.
Within Judaism, the Temple in Jerusalem was the center of the Jewish religion, until its destruction in 70 AD, and all who were able were under obligation to visit and offer sacrifices known as the
korbanot, particularly during the
Jewish holidays in Jerusalem.
Following the destruction of the
Second Temple and the onset of the diaspora, the centrality of pilgrimage to Jerusalem in Judaism was discontinued. In its place came prayers and rituals hoping for a return to Zion and the accompanying restoration of regular pilgrimages (see
Jerusalem#Jerusalem, Jews and Judaism).
Until recent centuries, pilgrimage has been a fairly difficult and arduous adventure. But now, Jews from many countries make periodic pilgrimages to the holy sites of their religion.
The western retaining wall of the original temple, known as the Wailing Wall, or Western Wall remains in the Old City of Jerusalem and this has been the most sacred site for religious Jews. Pilgrimage to this area was off-limits from 1948 to 1967, when East Jerusalem was controlled by Jordan.
Some Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism Jews who no longer consider themselves
exiles, still enjoy visiting Israel even if it is not an official "pilgrimage."
See also
Notes
Further reading
- al-Naqar, Umar. 1972. The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press. a map 'African Pilgrimage Routes to Mecca, ca. 1300-1900'
- Coleman, Simon and John Elsner. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Jackowski, Antoni. 1998. Pielgrzymowanie . Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie.
- Wolfe, Michael (ed.). 1997. One Thousands Roads to Mecca. New York: Grove Press
- Sumption, Jonathan. 2002. Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.
- Zarnecki, George. 1985. The Monastic World: The Contributions of The Orders. pp. 36-66, in Evans, Joan (ed.). 1985. The Flowering of the Middle Ages. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
Literature
- Kerschbaum & Gattinger, Via Francigena - DVD- Documentation, of a modern pilgrimage to Rome, ISBN 3200005009, Verlag EUROVIA, Vienna 2005
External links
- Pilgrims and Pilgrimage - An Online Teaching and Learning Resource
- Eurovia-Association for the Estblishment of European Pilgimage Routes
- The official site of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral
- Catholic pilgrimages
- Buddhist Pilgrimage in India
- Buddhist Pilgrimage in Sri Lanka
- The Canadian Company of Pilgrims A non-profit group providing advice to pilgrims of the way of Saint James
- Wiki on European pilgrimages
- Pilgrim forum on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela
- Sacred Destinations Sacred sites and pilgrimages.
- French pilgrimage routes from 1000 CE till 1500 CE
- Spanish pilgrimage routes from 900 CE till 2000 CE
- From Jerusalem to Sacred Mounts History of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- Pilgrimages and Cultural Heritage programmes in Romania, Europe
- VEDA: Holy Places
- Walking the Camino de Santiago, A Guide The Camino de Santiago has more than 100,000 pilgrims walking the various paths each year.
- Images of pilgrimages at fotolia.de (Royalty-Free)
- Italian Lakes Pilgrimage. The nine Sacro Monte of the Italian lakes were developed for pilgrims in the 15th and 16th centuries as an alternative to traveling to the holy land.
- Not for profit organisation, mapping pilgrimage routes and promoting eco-friendly travel
- Detailed accounts of pilgrimages to Santiago and Rome on horseback
- Account of pilgrimage to Nidaros (Trondheim) in Norway on Olav's Way. With useful page about kit.
In
religion and
spirituality, a
pilgrimage is a long quest or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or
shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim.
Buddhism offers four sites of pilgrimage: the Buddha's birthplace at Kapilavastu, the site where he attained Enlightenment Bodh Gaya, where he first preached at Benares, and where he achieved Parinirvana at
Kusinagara.
Israel acts as a focal point for the pilgrimages of many religions, such as
Judaism, Christianity,
Islam and the
Bahá'í Faith.
In the kingdoms of Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah, the visitation of certain ancient cult-centers was repressed in the
7th century BC, when the worship was restricted to
YHWH at the temple in Jerusalem. In
Syria, the shrine of Astarte at the headwater spring of the river Adonis survived until it was destroyed by order of
Emperor Constantine in the
4th century AD.
In mainland Greece, a stream of individuals made their way to Delphi or the oracle of
Zeus at Dodona, and once every four years, at the period of the Olympic games, the temple of Zeus at Olympia formed the goal of swarms of pilgrims from every part of the Hellenic world. When Alexander the Great reached Egypt, he put his whole vast enterprise on hold, while he made his way with a small band deep into the Libyan desert, to consult the oracle of Ammun. During the imperium of his Ptolemaic heirs, the shrine of
Isis at Philae received many votive inscriptions from Greeks on behalf of their kindred far away at home.
Although a pilgrimage is normally viewed in the context of religion, the personality cults cultivated by communist leaders ironically gave birth to pilgrimages of their own. Prior to the demise of the USSR in 1991, a visit to Lenin's Mausoleum in
Red Square, Moscow can be said to have had all the characteristics exhibiting a pilgrimage — for Communism. This type of pilgrimage to a personality cult is still evident today on people who pay visits of homage to Mao Tse Tung,
Kim Il Sung, and Ho Chi Minh.
Effects on trade
Pilgrims contributed an important element to long-distance trade before the modern era, and brought prosperity to successful pilgrimage sites, an economic phenomenon unequalled until the tourist trade of the 20th century. Encouraging pilgrims was a motivation for assembling (and sometimes fabricating) relics and for writing
hagiography of local saints, filled with inspiring accounts of miracle cures.
Lourdes and other modern pilgrimage sites keep this spirit alive.
Modern pilgrimage
Pilgrimages are still made throughout the world: modern-day pilgrimages include the
Way of St. James, the
Hajj, and the pilgrimage to Mount Kailash.
In modern usage, the terms
pilgrim and
pilgrimage can also have a somewhat devalued meaning as they are often applied in a
secularism context. For example, fans of
Elvis Presley may choose to visit his home, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee. Similarly one may refer to a cultural center such as Venice as a "tourists' Mecca".
Pilgrimage centres in various times and cultures
Antiquity
Many ancient religions had holy sites, temples and groves, where pilgrimages were made.
- Karnak, Egypt.
- Thebes (Egypt), Egypt.
- Kurukshetra, India
- Delphi, Greece. Oracle.
- Dodona, Epirus (periphery), Greece. Oracle.
- Ephesus Temple of Diana.
- Baalbek Lebanon.
Bahá'í Faith
A
Bahá'í pilgrimage currently consists of visiting the holy places in Haifa,
Acre, Israel, and
Mansion of Bahjí in Northwest Israel. Bahá'í faith do not have access to other places designated as sites for pilgrimage.
Bahá'u'lláh decreed pilgrimage in His Motherbook (Kitáb-i-Aqdas) to two places: the House of Bahá'u'lláh in
Baghdad,
Iraq, and the House of the Báb in Shiraz, Iran, Iran. In two separate Tablets, known as Suriy-i-Hajj, He prescribed specific rites for each of these pilgrimages (lifting the injunction regarding the shaving of one's head for pilgrimage in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas). It is obligatory to make the pilgrimage, "if one can afford it and is able to do so, and if no obstacle stands in one's way". Bahá'ís are free to choose between the two Houses, as either has been deemed sufficient. And although women are not bound to perform pilgrimage, they are certainly not prohibited to do so.
Later, `Abdu'l-Bahá designated the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh at Bahji (the Qiblih) as a site of visitation. No rites have been prescribed for this.
Buddhism
ans on a pilgrimage to Lhasa; they are kow-towing every few steps of the way.Gautama Buddha spoke of the four sites most worthy of pilgrimage for his followers to visit:The Buddha mentions these four pilgrimage sites in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. See, for instance, Thanissaro (1998) and Vajira & Story (1998).
Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected to the life of
Gautama Buddha are:
Savatthi,
Patna,
Nalanda,
Gaya, India,
Vesali, Sankasia, Kapilavastu,
Kosambi, India,
Rajagaha,
Varanasi.
Other famous places for buddhist pilgrimage in various countries include:
- India: Sanchi, Ellora, Ajanta Caves.
- Thailand: Sukhothai, Ayutthaya historical park, Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Doi Suthep.
- Tibet: Lhasa (traditional home of the Dalai Lama), Mount Kailash, Lake Nam-tso.
- Cambodia: Angkor Wat, Silver Pagoda, Phnom Penh.
- Sri Lanka: Polonnaruwa, Temple of the Tooth (Kandy), Anuradhapura.
- Laos: Luang Prabang.
- Myanmar: Bagan, Sagaing.
- Nepal: Bodhnath, Swayambhunath.
- Indonesia: Borobudur.
- China: Yung-kang, Lung-men caves.
- Japan: Kyoto, Nara, Nara.
Communism
Christianity
in 2005Pilgrimages were first made to sites connected with the birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the
Holy Land date from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers like
Jerome. Pilgrimages also began to be made to Rome and other sites associated with the Twelve apostles, Saints and Christian martyrs, as well as to places where there have been Marian apparitionss of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The
crusades to the holy land are also considered to be mass armed pilgrimages.
The second largest single pilgrimage in the history of
Christendom was to the Funeral of Pope John Paul II after his death on April 2,
2005. An estimated four million people travelled to Vatican City, in addition to the almost three million people already living in Rome, to see the body of Pope John Paul II lie in state.
World Youth Day is a major Catholic Pilgrimage, specifically for people aged 16-35. It is held internationally every 2-3 years. In 2005, young Catholics visited
Cologne,
Germany. In 1995, the largest gathering of all time was to World Youth Day in Manila, Philippines, where four million people from all over the world attended.
The major Christian pilgrimages are to:
- Jerusalem. Site of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus.
- Rome on roads such as the Via Francigena. Site of the deaths of Saint Peter, Paul of Tarsus and other early martyrs. Location of sacred relics of various saints, relics of the Passion, important churches and headquarters of the Catholic Church.
- Constantinople (today Istanbul, Turkey). Former capital of the Byzantine Empire and the see of one of the Pentarchy and Primus inter pares of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Hagia Sophia, former cathedral and burial place of many Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
- Lourdes, France. Apparition of the Virgin Mary. The second most visited Christian pilgrimage site after Rome.
- Santiago de Compostela in Spain on the Way of St James (Spanish language: El Camino de Santiago). This famous medieval pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint James the Great is still popular today.
Other important Christian pilgrimage sites include:
- Assisi, Italy, St. Francis of Assisi and St Clare, relics
- Ávila, Spain, St Theresa of Avila, relics
- Bethlehem, in Israel, Birthplace of Jesus and King David.
- Canterbury Cathedral associated with Saint Thomas Becket.
- Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec, Canada in honour of Our Lady of the Cape.
- Carey, Ohio to the Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation. Catholic pilgrims from the Middle East journey here to mark the Feast of the Assumption. Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation official website
- Cathedral of Chartres, France.
- Miercurea Ciuc, Transylvania, Romania. Whit Sunday gathering of (mostly Hungarian people) Catholics.
- Croagh Patrick, Ireland. Saint Patrick.
- Conques, France
- Cologne, Germany. Relics of the Three Magi.
- Częstochowa, Poland.Black Madonna of Częstochowa is housed pernamently in theJasna Góra Monastery
- Glastonbury, England. St Joseph of Arimathea.
- Goa, India. St. Francis Xavier
- Hill of Crosses, Lithuania
- House of the Virgin Mary, Turkey. Pope John-Paul II declared the Shrine of Virgin Mary as a pilgrimage place for Christians. House of the Virgin Mary listing at www.Ephesus.US
- Issoudun, France. Notre-Dame du Sacré-Coeur
- Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland
- Kapel in 't Zand, Limburg
- Kevelaer, Germany
- Knock, County Mayo, Ireland
- Lakefield, Ontario, Canada
- Licheń Stary, Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń
- Lisieux, France. Saint Therese of Lisieux, burial place.
- Lourdes, France. Apparition of the Virgin Mary. Place of healing.
- Mariazell, Austria. Marian Shrine to Austria and Hungary
- Međugorje, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Apparitions of the Virgin Mary at the present.
- Montserrat (mountain), Catalonia, Spain. The Virgin of Montserrat is housed pernamently in the monastery of Santa María de Montserrat.
- Mount Athos, Greece. Orthodox monastic centre.
- Mount Nebo (Jordan), Jordan. Traditional site of the death of Moses.
- Mount Sinai, Egypt, holy mountain to the ancient Hebrews, traditional site has been commemorated since time of Constantine I (emperor)
- Nazareth, Israel, hometown of Jesus
- Nidaros, Trondheim, Norway. Shrine of St. Olav. 4th most visited pilgrimage site in Middle Ages.
- Our Lady of Fatima, Portugal. Apparition of the Virgin Mary.
- Padua, Italy, St Anthony, relics
- Paris ( Sacred-Heart Basilica Basilica of the Sacré Cœur; and Saint Catherine Labouré)
- Rosslyn Chapel, Scotland
- Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, Italy. The Sacred Mountains of Piedmont and Lombardy.
- San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, St Pio from Pietrelcina
- Santa María de Guadalupe, Spain
- Sea of Galilee, Israel, site of Jesus' early ministry.
- Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City. Apparition of the Virgin Mary.
- St. Andrews, Scotland, it is said that Saint Andrew was given, by God, directions to the location of St Andrews
- St. Patrick's Purgatory, Donegal, Ireland
- St. Thomas Mount, India. Place where St. Thomas was martyred.
- Taizé Community, France, modern monastery that actively encourages pilgrimages to it
- Święta Lipka, Poland
- Trondheim, Norway. Nidaros Cathedral, shrine of St. Olav.
- Turin, Italy. Holy Shroud.
- Vailankanni, India. 16th-century Mary apparition site.
- Vierzehnheiligen, Germany.
- Walsingham, England. Virgin Mary apparition site.
- Wittenberg, Germany. Church of Martin Luther and centre of the Protestant Reformation.
- Žemaičių Kalvarija, Samogitia, Lithuania.
===Hinduism===Hindus are required to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime. Most Hindus who can afford to go on such journeys travel to numerous sites including those below:
The last four sites in the list above together comprise the Chardham, or four holy pilgrimage destinations. It is believed that travelling to these places leads to moksha, the release from samsara (cycle of rebirths). The holy places of pilgrimage for the
Shaktism sect of Hinduism are the
Shakti peethas (Temples of Shakti).
Islam
The pilgrimage to Mecca – the
Hajj – is one of the
Five Pillars of Islam. It should be attempted at least once in the lifetime of all able-bodied
Islam who can afford to do so. It is the most important of all Muslim Pilgrimages.
Many Muslims also undergo
ziyarat, which is a pilgrimage to sites associated with the prophet
Muhammad, his companions, or other venerated figures in
Islamic history, such as
Shi'a imams or Sufi saints. Sites of pilgrimage include mosques, graves, battlefields, mountains, and caves.
Local Pilgrimage traditions - those undertaken as
ziarah visits to local graves, are also found throughout Muslim countries. In some countries, the grave sites of heroes have very strong ziyarah traditions as visiting the graves at auspicious times is a display of national and community identity.Some traditions within Islam have negative attitudes towards grave visiting.
The third religiously sanctioned pilgrimage for Muslims is to the
Al Quds mount in Jerusalem which hosts Al-Aqsa Mosque and the
Dome of the Rock.
Judaism
See related article Three pilgrim festivals.
Within
Judaism, the
Temple in Jerusalem was the center of the Jewish religion, until its destruction in
70 AD, and all who were able were under obligation to visit and offer sacrifices known as the
korbanot, particularly during the
Jewish holidays in
Jerusalem.
Following the destruction of the
Second Temple and the onset of the
diaspora, the centrality of pilgrimage to
Jerusalem in Judaism was discontinued. In its place came prayers and rituals hoping for a return to
Zion and the accompanying restoration of regular pilgrimages (see
Jerusalem#Jerusalem, Jews and Judaism).
Until recent centuries, pilgrimage has been a fairly difficult and arduous adventure. But now, Jews from many countries make periodic pilgrimages to the holy sites of their religion.
The western retaining wall of the original temple, known as the
Wailing Wall, or
Western Wall remains in the Old City of Jerusalem and this has been the most sacred site for religious Jews. Pilgrimage to this area was off-limits from 1948 to 1967, when East Jerusalem was controlled by
Jordan.
Some
Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism Jews who no longer consider themselves exiles, still enjoy visiting Israel even if it is not an official "pilgrimage."
See also
Notes
Further reading
- al-Naqar, Umar. 1972. The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press. a map 'African Pilgrimage Routes to Mecca, ca. 1300-1900'
- Coleman, Simon and John Elsner. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Jackowski, Antoni. 1998. Pielgrzymowanie . Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie.
- Wolfe, Michael (ed.). 1997. One Thousands Roads to Mecca. New York: Grove Press
- Sumption, Jonathan. 2002. Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.
- Zarnecki, George. 1985. The Monastic World: The Contributions of The Orders. pp. 36-66, in Evans, Joan (ed.). 1985. The Flowering of the Middle Ages. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
Literature
- Kerschbaum & Gattinger, Via Francigena - DVD- Documentation, of a modern pilgrimage to Rome, ISBN 3200005009, Verlag EUROVIA, Vienna 2005
External links
- Pilgrims and Pilgrimage - An Online Teaching and Learning Resource
- Eurovia-Association for the Estblishment of European Pilgimage Routes
- The official site of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral
- Catholic pilgrimages
- Buddhist Pilgrimage in India
- Buddhist Pilgrimage in Sri Lanka
- The Canadian Company of Pilgrims A non-profit group providing advice to pilgrims of the way of Saint James
- Wiki on European pilgrimages
- Pilgrim forum on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela
- Sacred Destinations Sacred sites and pilgrimages.
- French pilgrimage routes from 1000 CE till 1500 CE
- Spanish pilgrimage routes from 900 CE till 2000 CE
- From Jerusalem to Sacred Mounts History of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- Pilgrimages and Cultural Heritage programmes in Romania, Europe
- VEDA: Holy Places
- Walking the Camino de Santiago, A Guide The Camino de Santiago has more than 100,000 pilgrims walking the various paths each year.
- Images of pilgrimages at fotolia.de (Royalty-Free)
- Italian Lakes Pilgrimage. The nine Sacro Monte of the Italian lakes were developed for pilgrims in the 15th and 16th centuries as an alternative to traveling to the holy land.
- Not for profit organisation, mapping pilgrimage routes and promoting eco-friendly travel
- Detailed accounts of pilgrimages to Santiago and Rome on horseback
- Account of pilgrimage to Nidaros (Trondheim) in Norway on Olav's Way. With useful page about kit.
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